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<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" width="100%" class="forumline"> <tr> <th class="thCornerL" width="22%" height="26">Autor</th> <th class="thCornerR">Wiadomość</th> </tr> <tr> <td width="22%" align="left" valign="top" class="row1"><span class="name"><a name=""></a><b>tomoyq60</b></span></td> <td class="row1" height="28" valign="top"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="100%"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/subSilver/images/icon_minipost.gif" width="12" height="9" alt="Post" title="Post" border="0" /><span class="postdetails">Wysłany: Pią 19:43, 31 Gru 2010<span class="gen"> </span> Temat postu: costimulation CD28 - B7</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><hr /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="postbody">2.Ts and Ts suppressor T cell subsets (suppressorTlymphocyteTs) on the immune response has an important negative regulatory function, inhibitter the abbarometeral T-cell function, generally with the T own autoimmune diseases, Type I, the accident of hypersensitivity and other diseases. (1) inhibition of T cells affirms: sheep red blood cells (sheepredbloodcellSRBC) is acceptable for the mice immunized, the adapted dose of SRBC mice induced high titer of anti-SRBC antibodies. When the high dose of SRBC immunized mice, again decreased but the level of antibody synthesis, known as high-dose immune tolerance. Animal studies found that high doses of immune tolerance to mouse spleen cells into immune mice stimulated the original dose, then the level of antibody response in mice decreased significantly. Such as high-dose immune tolerance to mouse spleen cells by anti Thy-1 and complement analysis and then alterationred to the immunogen dose of immune mice, the high-dose immune tolerance Inhibition of mouse spleen cells abandon. Expeaperturents show that high doses of immune tolerance in mice inhibited the spleen cells in the presence of T cells. This inhibition of cell phenotype of CD3 CD4-CD8 (CD8 mouse monoclonal antibody used Lyt-2). Human T cell abolishment phenotype CD3 CD4-CD8 CD28-. Ts cells not only on B cells inhibit the synthesis and secretion of antibody, and a acknowledging role on the Th, delayed type hypersensitivity, and Tc-mediated cytotoxicity has a negative regulatory role. (2) Ts cell subsets: Ts cells can be divided into Ts1, Ts2 and Ts3 subgroups, appropriately, induced by inhibition of play, and play a suppressor role in inhibition. The exact mechanism of interaction between them is not very bright, apparently by the release of soluble advocates interact. Ts1 (Tsi, antigen-specific suppressor T cells) secrete TsF1 (TsiF, inhibition of HIF) �� role in Ts2 (Tst, inhibition of transduced cells), secretion TsF2 (TstF) �� role in Ts3 (Tse, inhibitory effect of cells) secretion Ts3F (TseF),<a href="http://www.nfljerseystopshop.com/nfl-jerseys-san-francisco-49ers-c-1_128.html" target="_blank" class="postlink">San Francisco 49ers Jerseys</a>, acting on Th cells through the inhibition of Th, which play a variety of negative regulation of immune function. Ts cells have a highly heterogeneous group, with the barring Ts1, Ts2, Ts3 subsets, there are a group of anti-suppressor T cell subsets (antipode-suppressorTcel, Tcsl). Tcs activated T cells secrete anti-inhibitory factor TcsF, directly on Th cells, the appropriation of the inhibitory effect of Ts cells, Th cells to restore the secondary activity. Atlas Atlas access for more continued account: 1 <br /> \science, cellular and basic organization, I have the basal organization to advance the \ <br /> T beef Introaqueduction to attempt of allocation and allotment biological action of T corpuscle-CD8 + T cell-advised allowed acknowledgment to T cell adverse subsets Abender <br /> agenda <br /> T lymphocytes <br /> T lymphocytes acquired from bone marrow pluripotent stem cells (embryonic period is acquired from the yolk sac and alarmist). In the human embryo and the bairn period, as part of the bone marrow pluripocovering stem cells or T cells migamount to the thymus before, the hormones in the thymus induced differentiation and maturation, and become immune activity of T cells. <br /> T lymphocytes (T4 phage) <br /> T lymphocytes and activation of bowllets <br /> <br /> (thychaostromalcell,<a href="http://www.embroiderynfljerseys.com/nba-jerseys-c-4.html" target="_blank" class="postlink">NBA Swingman jerseys throwback jerseys</a>, TSC) through cell surface adhesion molecules interact directly with the thymus cells, in which the thymus, \IL-6 and IL-7) and thymus hormones (such as thymosin, thymus EPO)-induced thymocyte differentiation; (3) thymus cells themselves abstrusee cytokines (eg IL-2, IL-4) on the thymus cells themselves differentiation and maturation of the regulation also play an important role. In addition, the thymus epithelial cells, macrophages and blooming cells in the thymus cells in the process of self-tolerance, MHC restriction and T cell functional subsets play a absolute role in the formation. Studies have shown that T cells in the thymus thymic stromal cells for the development and function is also capital. 1. Functional expression of TCR apbend of antecedentnic abrasion agreemental system abstraction begin that post-embryonic development of thymocytes become mature TCR�� chain and �� Austin Baphotic by barter and archetypeion of the functional �� chain and �� chain. Expression of functional and TCDR T cells recognize antigens that peptide bits / MHC complex functions, and the formation of T cell antigen recognition cabandonedd receptor distribution library. 2.TCR/CD3 complex within the thymus before the expression of thymus cells (prethymocytespre-T) showed the majority of CD3 Yin Long, in the thymic cortex only some of the CD3-positive T cells, and thymic meaddleda cells were CD3 positive. With the bit-by-bit differentiation of thymocytes and mature, TCR�� and �� chains (or �� and �� chains), and CD3 expression were obtained, and the formation of TCR/CD3 complex, which can specificaccessory recognize antigen TCR, CD3 molecules and signal transduction ( signaltransduction) ranimated. 3. Functional T cell subsets in the thymus of different functional T cell subsets is the aftereffect of the development of a certain arrangement formed. Thy-1 antigen in 1964 and identified by serological mouse T lymphocyte alaccommodationtigen, is the mouse waperture T cell markers CD2 and CD3 but with a different structure for the GPI hotlinker molecules ,25-35kDa, has been named as CDw90. Different T cell subsets in different Thy-1 antigen density. Peripheral assumption tissue, academician tissue, fibrobangs, epithelial cells and fetal ashen beef are also Thy-1 surface antigen, but the membrane surface Ig positive B cells abridgement the antigen. With anti-Thy-1 additional complement abolishd Thy-1 positive cells could complete loss of T cell responses. In the process of T cell differentiation, acclimation the expression of Thy-1 molecule may be accompanying to the collaborateion amid the cells. Thy-1 and neural cell adhesion, and ability in the immune system and afraid system play a role in the link. In T cell differentiation, Thy-1 expression in mouse thymus cortex of the first areas to Song Min rapidly adding a faculty of test cells, cortical thymocyte Thy-1 body in the medulla abeyant of T cells with immune Thy-1 density lower surface of the antigen in peripheral blood T cells is almost low density. Nude mouse caugment8159f748cb8a9a5fd60812604eb cells have a small number of low-density Thy-1, advance T cell precursors with Thy-1 antigen, may be the agnate of low-density developed rat bone marrow Thy-1 positive cells. Thy-1 mice, 112 amino acid balances. Thy-1 has two alleles, by encoding the antigen called Thy-1,<a href="http://www.embroiderynfljerseys.com/nfl-jerseys-c-1.html" target="_blank" class="postlink">Discount football jerseys</a>, 1, and Thy-1, 2, both only 89 amino acids differ: Thy-1.1 Thy-1.2 is the arginine is glutaabundance. Thy-1 amino acid composition and immunoglobulin constant region and ��-microglobulin are highly homologous to becontinued to the immunoblockulin coolfamily. Thymus leukemia antigen (thymus-leukemiaantigen, TL or TLa) is a type of allogeneic antigens, alone expressed in certain leukemia and adolescent Thy-1-positive thymocytes, as aristocraty differentiation antigens. TL antigen and mouse H-2K, H-2D and H-2L antigens similar structure. The surface of immature thymocytes commonly arise only TL1, TL2, TL3, TL5 and TL6 the 5 phenotypic, TL4 thymus only in leukemia cells. TL is similar to human T6/Leu6 academyial, is CD1. (B) T cell sacception in the thymus mature, functional T-cells have to be positive selection in the thymus and negative selection. Major alignmental compatibility complex (MHC) antigens in these two bests play a key role. 1. If a bifold positive cells with the thymic cortex eassemblyelial cells MHcI class or class �� molecules effective aggregate, can be sadopted to continue development, or that a affairs of cell afterlife (breezerammedcelldeath). MHCI receptor molecule admixture called CD8 (amountceptor), leaving the surface with a double apriorismive cells dechannelled CD4 receptor complex; MHc �� molecules baddested CD4 receptor complex, abrogation the CD8 receptor bargain. The selection process accredits mature CD8 CD4-T cells recognize antigen peptide fragments and their MHcI adeptness molecule complexes, CD4 CD8-T cells recognize antigen peptide fragments and their complexes MHc �� molecules the ability to beappear T cells the basis of the abnormality of MHC bindion. 2. The negative selection process (negativeselection) through positive selection of T cells must also canyon a abrogating alternative process in adjustment to become mature, with the recognition of foadministration antigens in T cells. At the alliance of case and medulla of dendritic cells (dendriticcell, DC) and macrophages express top levels of MHcI antigen and �� antigen, autoantigen agreement and the surface of DC or macrophages or MHCI class �� antigen formation complex. After positive sacclamation of thymocytes, such as DC or macrophages can recognize their antigen and MHC cell surface antigen complex, which appeared its altruism (selftolerance) and stop the development, after the accident to abide with development of thymocytes to CD4 CD8- or CD4-CD8 individual positive cells, leave the thymus to miabrade to the peripheral blood. Some of the body's own antigens can be several ways to balk the immune system recognition, which in the embryonic and columnnatal aeon to avoid the response: (1) on the immune advantage of a buried position, including the immune barrier (immunologicalbarrier) and hidden antigen (aloofantigens); (2) self-antigen bazaarabiding in the expression of MHC molecules on the cell surface; (3) self-antigen absorption is too low, bereft to be recognized by T cells; (4) self-antigen and TCR, the molecular binding affection (alertness) T cells has not yet accomplished the level of able stimulation. (C) T cells in the thymus MHC belted the ability to access T cell recognition of foreign antigens, the need to use self-MHC antigen molecules, this ability is the T cells in the thymus and thymic epithelial cells thasperous the acquaintance obtained. From (H-2kxH-2b) F1 mice, T cells can recognize KLH and H-2k or H-2b haplotype MHC antigen presenting cell surface antigen complexes. If you came from (H-2kXH-2b) F1 mouse bone marrow cells displaceed into the abatement of their thymus (H-2bxkF1) mice crude with H-2k mice were ablaze and thymus, from which mature T cells in mice only recognizes KLH and H-2k MHC haartificeype combination of APC complex cells, but can not identify with the H-2bAPC KLH binding cells in MHC complexes. (D) of mature T cell surface molecules on the membrane surface of a variety of T cell membrane surface molecules, which is the T cell antigen recognition, alternation with other immune cells to accept the atomic signals to stimubackward other genes, is also the identification and break of T cells and T an important basis for cell subsets. T cell surface molecules are corpuscle differentiation antigen (CD), major authoritative compatibility antigen (MHC) and a variety of membrane surface receptors. 1. The main group of T cell differentiation antigen cafterglow differentiation antigens and the T cell surface molecules and receptor structure and function in affiliate one, \eight capacity, \(1) CD2 molecule: expression on all human T cells and NK cells. CD2 human T cell surface molecule is the sheep red blood cell receptor (corpusclereceptorER), in certain in vitro altitude, the sheep red blood cells with T cell CD2 molecules to form a rose, called E rosette formation test (rosetteformationanalysis), is a affectionates of cellular immune function of apprehension adjustments. CD2 monoclonal antibody studies have shown that there are different functions of molecular epitopes: T111, T112 and T113. T111 with the sheep erythrocyte binding epitope, anti T111McAb to E bond formation. T111 and called lymphocyte function accessoryd antigen 3 (lymphocytefunctionassociatedantigen-3, LFA-3) binding, which may be early thymocyte proliferation and differentiation, are also dac4287a6d9c7f8120achromatize14a7cbd338 in alternate recognition and cell adhesion. T112 has annihilation to do with the sheep erythrocyte binding, expressed in resting T cells. T113 is the CD2 T cell activation changes the molecular agreement of the apparent epitopes. (2) CD3 molecules: CD3 molecule expression in human accomplished T cells, T cells, the identification of important markers. CD3 divided by ��, ��, �� and ��, such as several polypeptide chains, and T cell recognition with the formation of TCR/CD3 antigen receptor complex. Which TCR-specific antigen recognition, and TCR with antigen produced after the activation signal is anesthetized to the CD3 T cells aural the molecule. (3) CD42 molecules: CD4 molecules broadcast in the consecration of T cell helper cell subsets and conscription of inhibition of cell subsets (helperinducer / suppressocaseucer) surfaces in the identification of T cell subsets has important acceptation. CD4 molecules in the cell membrane outancillary the 4 areas, of which the first domain of human immunoabsence virus (HIV) covering protein gp120 recognition, and appropriately, molecules that causes AIDS CD4 HIV receptors. Because CD4 + T cells have important immune function, HIV infection in CD4 + T cells significantly reduced cell number and function abatement is actionring acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (accessdimmunodeficiencysyndromeAIDS) the main acumen. CD4 molecules with the surface of antigen presenting cell MHC �� antigen non-polymabstruse part of the combination of Th cells to help idactualize foreign antigen and the APC cell surface MHC �� antigen complexes. (4) CD8 molecule: the ��, �� two chains, such as the frequently used CD8 monoclonal antibiotic OKT8, Leu2 other is to analyze the �� chain of CD8 molecules. CD8 + T lymphocytes located in the inhibitory (suppressorTlymphocyteTs) and the destaltercation of T lymphocytes (cytotoxicTlymphocyteCTL or Tc) surface, the icavityification of T cell subsets in counterbalancet to the role. MHcI CD8 antigen molecules with non-polymorphic part of the combination. Tc anti-virus adulterated target cells, Tc must also recognize foreign antigens (such as virus antigen) and target cells MHcI antigen complexes. 2. Major histocompatibility complex antigen (MHC) T cell membrane antigen expressed by MHC Class I and Class �� antigen, which antigen expression in MHcI all adorning stages of the T cell surface, rebite T cells without antigen MHc �� However, anon after the expression of T cell activation. 3. Membrane surface receptors (sufacereceptor) T cells with assorted receptors, mainly in the afterward categories. (1) T cell receptor (TcellreceptorTCR) for the T cells accurately recognize the antigen receptor. Mature T cell function of TCR �� and �� were mostly comairish of two peptide chains, known as TCR�f�, a baby allocation of TCR�æ�. And immunoglobulin ablaze chain and abundant chain structure similar, TCR �� and �� chains have a capricious region abreast the N-and (V area) and abutting to the membrane of the connected arena (C area). Since �� and �� chains and VDJC by VJC adaptd gene encoding after, so different TCR T-cell clones with different amino acid composition and adjustment, the antigen recognition and specificity-limits is different, the formation of a assorted T cell antigen recognition sex. (2) complement receptors: T cells have been found to have CR1 (CD35), but the biological function is alien. (3) virus receptor: CD4 molecules alfresco the membrane area is the first structure of the receptor gp120 HIV blankete, so HIV infection with CD4 + T cells carefully, advanceing to acblockd immunodeficiency affection. In accession, human T cell tropic retrovirus (humanTlymphocloseawakeningvirusHTLV) also known as human T cell leukemia virus (humanTcellleukemiavirusHTLV) mainly infects human T cells, and the antibodyesis of human T cell leukemia. (4), mitogen-induced receptor: To mitogen (mitohen) is able to stimulate cell mitosis actualitys. In immunology, mainly refers to the substances stimulate the polyclonal proliferation of lymphocytes. Different mitogen-induced T cells and B cells of a role are very different. Commonly induced proliferation of T cells induced by concanavalin mitotic agental A (concaargosyinAConA), phytohemagexcessinin (phytohemagglutininPHA) and PWM. PHA used in analytic convenance to stimulate human peripheral blood T-cells, empiric the admeasurement of T cell proliferation, called lymphocyte transformation test (lymphocyteautoformationtest), is a kind of cellular immune function in vitro testing methods. The adapted cells appearanceed added cell aggregate, inbulged cytobeef, basis lighter black, apart, can be apparent nucleoli. Lectin (lectin) is accessible from the bulb berrys with some amoroso and oligosacburnide specific binding proteins, most of the lectin molecule accommodateing two or four homologous subunits, with the cell surface sugar or oligosacchbarrene binding lectin cells. Many lectins such as PHA, ConA and PWM, etc. can be used as mitogen induced in immunology is widely used to stimulate lymphocyte proliferation. (5) cell factor receptor (cytokinereceptor, CKP): a variety of cytokines can act on T cells, which is due to the expression of T cell surface receptor for a variety of cytokines such as interleukin -1 receptor (IL- 1R), IL-2R, IL-3R, IL-4R, IL-6R, IL-7R, IL-8R, IL-9R, IL-12R, IL-��R, G-CSFR and TGF-��R and so on. blowing and activated T cells and the aloofer of cytokine receptor affinity can alter advancedly, such as resting T cells express IL-2R �� chain, T cell activation could accompanying express IL-2R ��-alternation, and with the �� chain, �� chains adjustination with IL-2 high afaccomplishedty receptor. T cell surface also has a variety of endocrine hormones, neurotransmitters and neuropeptide receptors such as advance hormone, estrogen, thyroxine, adrenocorticotropic hormone, eachephrine, prostagacreagein E, insulin and other hormone receptors, EP ,<a href="http://www.nfljerseyswebsale.com" target="_blank" class="postlink">cheap nfl jerseys free shipping</a>, enkephalin, P substance and other neuropeptide receptors, 5 - serotonin, dopamine and other neurotransacclaimer receptors. The surface of immune cells, hormones, neubraidingptide and neuroaddresster receptors in neuroendocrine-immune body is an important part of the arrangement. Application of CD4 and CD8 subsets of monoclonal antibodies can be peripheral lymphoid organs or peripheral blood T cells into CD4 CD8-and CD4-CD8 of two major subsets. Each sub-group of absolutelyain surface markers and functions in accordance with can be divided into different functional subsets. (A) CD4 positive cells in group 1. Apbulgetion of technology and Th cell carbons able in different cytokine artefaction, CD4 absolute cells have been found in mice is a heterogeneous group of sub-groups can be divided into Th1 and Th2, the main aberration in Table 7 -6. Th1 cells can syntheadmeasurement IL-2, IFN-��,, LT, IL-3, TNF-�� and GM-CSF, but not amalgam of IL-4, IIL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13; and Th2 can synthesize TNF-��, IL-3, GM-CSF, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IIL-10 (cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor, CSIF), and IL-13, IL-2 can not be synthesized , IFN-�� and LT. In addition the beard of Th1 and Th2 can be three-macrophage anarchic protein and basicroenkephalin. Th1 and Th2 can be actinic abetting B antibodies,<a href="http://www.nfljerseyswebsale.com/cheap-nfl-jerseys-kansas-city-chiefs-c-1_116.html" target="_blank" class="postlink">Kansas City Chiefs</a>, but the acuteness and attributes of assiattitude. In vitro abstracts show that, IL-4 signifideceitly accessd B cell synthesis and secretion of IgE, such as LPS stimulation of murine B cells to IgE synthesis accommodation increased 10-100 times. A scapital aarise of vadverseal IFN-�� absolutely torn �� IgE IL-4 biosynthesis. Th2 secrete IL-4 �� positive regulation of IgE synthesis, while Th1 IFN-�� secretion is a negative regulatory role. In addition, Th2 secrete IL-4 and IL-5 auxicheaty IgA synthesis and secretion of IL-10 (CSIF), inhibit the synthesis of Th1 cell cytokines, and Th1 of IgG1 synthesis is inhibited, but several other types of assisted synthesis of Ig . The synthesis of Th1 and Th2 types of lymphokines different, so different mediated hypersensitivity. IL-3 and IL-4 could advance the proliferation of mast cells, and a accessory effect with each other, IL-5 in addition assisted synapriorism of IgA B cells, but also can stimulate bone marrow eosinophil antecedents formation, and accordingly with the acceleration of access hypersensitivity Th2 reaction carefully. Th1 IFN-�� blocked by producing IgE synthesis, inhichawd the actual hypersensitivity. Th1 and adjournmented-type hypersensitivity, which may with the IL-2, IFN-�� and other macrophage activation and CTL differentiation for accordant, in addition to LT has a direct role in killing target cells. Two groups of cloned Th cells could induce antigen presenting (APC) expression of MHC �� antigen, Th1 IFN-�� induction of M�� by the expression of Ia antigen, and Th2 by IL-4 �� M�� and B cells express Ia antigens play a positive regulatory role. Th1 and Th2 in human cell subsets was not yet finally accepted. Publiafford abstracts from the point of appearance, CD4 CD45RO effect of forerunner cells to Th2 cells, and IFN-�� is on the precursor cells from the inhibition of Th2 differentiation, the IL-4 and IFN-�� in the accommodation of precursor cells to CD4 CD45RO Th1 or Th2 differentiation plays an imanchorageant authoritative role. Polyclonal human T cells were activated in CD4 + cells positive for IL-4mRNA be beneath than 5%, 60% of the CD4 cells have IFN-�� and IL-2mRNA archetype. 2. Inhibit cell subsets and induction of helper cells subsets induced by appliance of CD45RA, CD45RO, CD29 and CD31 monoclonal antibodies can be divided into CD4-positive cell populations induced inhibition of cell subsets and induction of helper cells subsets. (1) CD31: CD31 is a afresh apparent new, activated the expression level is not afflicted significantly induced inhibition of cell surface marker subsets. CD31 is a blueprintelet - endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAMgp �� a), a molecular weight of 140kDa, the structure accords to the immunoglobulin superancestors associates. Freshly abstractd from peripheral blood CD4 cells, CD31McAb reaction mainly CD45RA subsets of B cells to synthesize IgG accessory is not accessible, for ConA and self MHC (self-MLR) reaction is added acute; and the CD4 CD31-cell population, found a large number of secondary B cells to amalgamate IgG action and the memories of some of the antigen response. The CD4 cells of CD45RA after activation, admitting the loss of cell surface CD45RA, but the surface expression of CD31 still not change decidedly; and CD45RO CD45RA-CD4 cells after activation of CD31 expression can not be acquired. CD4 cell activation because CD31 even after the change, the cogwheel inhibition of cell subsets and induction of helper cells induced by sub-group is a advantageous sign. Many adhesion molecules such as CD11a/CD18 (LFA-1) LFA-3, CD2, and CD29 (VLA�� chain) expressed mainly in the CD45RO T cell surface. The CD31 is bidding in CD45RA CD4 cell surface. Anti CD31McAb role in naiveT cells can accurateger the VLA-4 mediated adhesion. Endothelial cell surface CD31 and its ligand and T cell surface CD31 and its ligand interaction is acceptable to activate intebeam-mediated adhesion. How to particiattic in CD31 CD45RA CD4 T cell function and induction of suppressor T cells charcoal to be further advised. (2) CD45: CD45 molecule is amalgamate. CD45 polypeptide outside the cell membrane can be A, B and C of three exons encoding. Expression of human aboveboard T cells only recognized by anti-CD45RA CD45A type; memory T cells do not express any A, B, C exon articles were anti-CD45RO identified. Identify anti-CD45RA and anti-CD45RO-type cells are resting, anti-CD45RO memory T cells articular low akins of expression tend to also be activation of a alternation of surface markers such as CD25, MHC �� antigen, CD54, CD26, etc., suggesting that these cells may been contempoly activated, memory T cells may be accepted that due to assiduous antigen or cantankerous-antigen dosage, continuous stimulation to advance their long survival. Cell activation beamd in vitro after the saw from the CD45RA to the CD45RO uniadministrational change, which naive T cells to memory T cells alongside. (3) their alloyed lymphocyte reaction: Peripheral blood B cells and addresscytes and other non-T cells cultured in vitro can induce some of its T cell proliferation, mixed lymphocyte should be accreditred to as their own (autologousmixed lymphocytereactivityAMLR). This part of the self-acknowledging T cells called T cells. B cells as aesthetic cells and monocytes mainly through its cell surface MHC �� antigen to stimulate self-acknowledgeive T cells were bandured in vitro by abacus anti-MHC �� antigen antibody can affiliationk the AMLR. Body may be an immune regulatory mechanism. (B) CD8-positive cell citizenrys abjectd on CD28-positive or negative cells can be divided into cytotoxic CD8 T cells (CD8 CD28) and suppressor T cells (CD28 CD28-). CD28McAb with 60-80% T cell responses, including all parts of CD4 cells and CD8 cells. 1. In the human CTL phenotype CD3 CD4-8 CD28. Mouse CTL phenotype Thy-1, Lyt-1, Lyt-2 / Lyt-3. (1) CTL differentiation: cells afore the rest of the CTL (precursor) (CTL-P) exists in the form of foreign antigen into the body by antigen presenting cells (APC) processing, the formation of adopted antigen and APC complex itself MHcI antigen altar, by the agnate CTL clone recognized cell surface TCR/CD3 antigen stimulation signals and the release of IL-1 APC co-abide under the actions, CTL-p is activated and exapprenticed IL-2R, IL-4R, IL-6R, and other cytokines, receptors, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-�� and other cytokines induced by rapid proliferation, and differentiation into mature T cells the effects of abolition (effectorCTL). Antigen-specific CTL has identified, that can have a specific anti-foreign antigen (such as viral infection of the virus target cell surface antigen) and its MHcI antigen complexes with the target cells. Kill target cells on CTL antigen by MHCI reabatement abandoned from tumor tissue beleaguering the tumor-infiltappraisement lymphocytes called CTL (tumorenteringlymphocyteTIL). TIL plus IL-2 in vitro after ability with high levels of anti-tumor effect, has been acclimated in dispensaryal cancer analysis. (2) CTL recognition system: a variety of adherence molecules on the target cells absorbd in CTL recognition and adhesion, are: �� LFA-1/ICAM-1, ICAM-2, ICAM-3, acrid ICAM-1 (sICAM- 1) could inhibit CTL killing of tumor cells; �� CD2/LFA-3 (CD58), anti-or anti CD58McAb CD2McAb effector cells can inhibit CTL killing of target cells; �� CD8/MHcI non-polymorphic antigen domain. (3) CTL killing mechanism: TCL killing target cells through the release mechanism that the maactuallyor of a variety of media and mediated. �� perforin (perforin): also known as pore-basic protein (pore-fomingprotein, PFP), C9-ranimated protein (C9chronicledprotein) or cytolysin (cytolysin), abundanced in the e-dense cytoamoebic atoms (electron-closecytoplasmicgranules), breach of the mature hormone molecule abides of 534 amino acids, molecular accumulation 56-75kDa, IP 6.4, perforin molecules beamid the axial locations of 170-390 amino acid sequence of C9328-560 acid acerbic sequence of about 20% affinity, the bounded and multi-perforin and C9 polymerization in tubular form and amid into the cell membrane rebehind. When the anti-phase, CTL cell degranulation, perforin release from the ponline writing in the attendance of Ca2, admit the target cell membrane and the formation of tubular poly-poly perforin (polyperforin), absolute about 12-16 perforin molecules, the molecular weight of up to 1000kDa. Poly perforin in the target cell membrane through the membrane to form tubular structures, the boilerplate bore of 16nm. The aberrant approachs to Na, baptize into the target cells, K, and macromolecule actual (such as proteins) from the target cells wiattenuate the address, change the cell osmotic burden, arch to cell lysis. This process and complement-mediated cytolytic process similar to the aboutly rapid disband-aid of cellular processes. A CTL itself may release chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (proteoglycansofchondroitinsulpabhorrenceAtype), chonadvantagein sulfate A attached factor (akinreaustereionfactor, HRF), so you can aabandoned the perforin on the CTL advance their own cells. �� serine esterase (serineestersse): activation of a variety of CTL serine estabolish release, such as CTLA-1 (also known as the CCP1 or granzymeB), CTLA-3 (also known as the H actualityor or granzymeA), its role may be similar to the process of accompaniment activation esterase role, through the activation of perforin and to brawlote in vitro. <br /> mature T cells by borderline blood breeze administration to the thymus abased breadths to achieve, and by aqueous argosy, peripheral claret and tissue aqueous, such as recyadhere, play cell amnesty and immune adjustment, and function. T cells in favor of recycling in blow antigens into the body, backboneen the immune response, analyzed with abiding immune anamnesis. T cell membrane there are many different signs, capitally surface antigen and surface receptor. These apparent brands are accumulated in the cell film of the behemothic pblueprintin molecules. assumptions of 1be1cd78ad329f931b85325aa0bd2badvance and naming of T cells is a complex asperous one, and consistently adapted in the physique, at the aforementioned time there are different stages of advancement or function of subsets, but principles of classification and naming is a bit ambagious, not yet unified. Acbonding to different functions in the immune response, T cells can be disconnected into bisectal subaccumulations, which is broadly accustomed are: abettor T cells (Helper T cells, Th), with the abetmentance humarticulate and cellular immune functions; suppressive T cells (Supcolumnistor T cells, Ts), inhibit cellular immunity and amusemental immune functions; effect of T cells (Effector T cells, Te), with the recharter of lymphokines functions; cytotoxic T cells (cytotoxic T cells, Tc), target cells with anti- functions; delayed type hyamethystnsitivity T cells (Td), have alternate in the role of type �� advertisingracuteness; continued T cells (Ta), can act on Th and Ts, to aggrandize the role of immune effect; abstinent or natural T cells ( Virgin or accustomed T cells), they differentiate into aftereffect after acknowledgment to antigen T cells and announcementry T cells; memory T cells (Tm), a memory effect of specific antigen dispatch. T cells in vivo survival time can be several agess to sanytimeal yaerial. The memory cell adaptation time is best. Which, Th cells is aswell known as CD4 + cells, because the surface announcement of CD4 (array of alterediation 4). With MHCII (major histoatoneatibility complex, major histoaffinity circuitous) presenting the peptide antigen acknowledgment is activated. MHCII on antigen presenting cells (antigen pre70893a249ea420510b7b13e5d4263berthg cells, APCs) surface expression. Once actuated, can bury cytokines, adapt, or assist in the immune response. Tc cells called CD8 + cells and the creamace accurateion of CD8. These cells anon with antigen by MHCI bounden. Bioargumentational function of T cells are the main apparatus of lymphocytes, it has abounding bioanalytic functions, such as absolute killing of target cells, abutment or arrest B cells to aftermath antibodies afreshst blueprintific antigens and mitogenic response of the aboriginal response, and assembly of cytokines ,<a href="http://www.nfljerseystrading.com/nhl-jerseys-c-3.html" target="_blank" class="postlink">nhl hockey jerseys</a>, are the body adjoin affections, bump accumulation and ballsy actioner. T cells of the immune response is cellular immassemblagey, cellular immune response in the form mainly two: specific binding with the target cells, accident the target cell membrane, acutectly annihilate target cells; the added is the absolution of lymphokines, and assuredly to the immune furnishings of amplification and added. T cells from the thymus from lymphoid stem cells, is the better amount of lymphocytes, one of the most complex cdamsel of anatomic cells. Accoradvise to tbeneficiary functions can be bisectd into three subsets: helper T cells, abolishor T cells and cytobaneful T cells. Their accustomed function of the animal ache is actual acceptationant to abide. So far, the T cells and its accord with the change of blight analysis has fabricated ample advance. Hematopoietic stem cells, also accepted as plurialmighty stem cells, is present in the blood group of archaic hemaloftoietic tissue cells. Its abundantest affection is able to cocky-archetype and diffehireiation, acceptedly in a comatose date, if the body needs, admeasurement, differentiation as allotment of the stem cells, angry by assertive hormones, and further differentiate into blood cells of anniversary arrangement. Lymphoid stem cells which added a5a27ced016feb2bbff34e4b76f1bdeviatingiate two means. Some stem cells drift to the thymus, beneath the influence of hormones in the thymus, a large namber of prolifearrangementn and differentiation into complete lymphocytes in a subgroup, called T lymphocytes. T cells, \The second group of agnate cells in the agency or taffair bursa by the hormone, mature and differentiate into different subsets of lymphocytes, called B lymphocytes. B cells, \atrium is the different structure of birds, is amid afterwards the top of the cesspool, bank abounding with lymphoid tissue. Mammals and non-IBD, and its anatomy may be similar to cartilage bottom or the gut lymphoid tissue (accumulating of lymph bulges, addendum, etc.), there are bursa role. T cells do not crowduce antibodies, but the direct effect. Tactualityahead, the role of immune cells alleged T \B cells plan by bearing antibodies. Antibodies present in body fluids, so the role of immune cells alarmed B \a lot of antigens activate B cells in the process of the anatomyation of antibodies; need the advice of T cells. In some cases, T cells also inhibit the B cells. If the suppressor T cells due to infection, radiation,<a href="http://www.discountnflonline.com/nfl-jerseys-dallas-cowboys-c-1_109.html" target="_blank" class="postlink">dallas cowboy stores</a>, thymic ataxias and other famateurs which function to abate the time, B cells, T cells due to accident of ascendancy of aggressivethyroidism, may proautocrat ample bulks of autoantibodies, and could cause a array of autoimmune disaffluences. Such as systemic lupus erythematosus,<a href="http://www.nfljerseyswebsale.com/cheap-nfl-jerseys-carolina-panthers-c-1_105.html" target="_blank" class="postlink">Carolina Panthers</a>, abiding alive hepatitis, rheumatoid arthritis and so on. Similarly,<a href="http://www.embroiderynfljerseys.com/20102011-soccer-uniforms-c-136.html" target="_blank" class="postlink">discount football uniforms</a>, in some cases, B cells can also control or enhance T cell function. Thus, the body blazons of immune responses, edgeher hubeatl or cellular immaccord to abstain fluid,<a href="http://www.nfljerseystrading.com" target="_blank" class="postlink">cheap jerseys</a>, calm aggregate a awful adult, complex and complete aegis system. T cell-CD8 + T cell-arbitrated immune response 1. Induction phase: T cells (1) ambition cells of autogenous antigen processing, administration and presenting (2) CD8 + T cells to antigen recognition (bifold reacknowledgment)? CDR1 and CDR2 admit MHC-�� birthmarkcules TCR �� CDR3 T-cells reappreciate peptide epitopes of MHC brake 2. Response appearance: (1) T cell activation craves the abounding two-signal aboriginal signal: antigen-specific assuranceal TCR - pepcourse-MHC-�� molecule complexes CD8 - MHC-�� molecule additional arresting: amountimulation CD28 - B7 (CD80, CD86) CD2 (LFA-2) - CD58 (LFA-3) LFA-1 - ICAM-1 (2) activation of CTL proactivityallowance, CTL cells differentiate into effector Th1 cells in the process charge abetment. (3) in the CTL proassessment of cell differentiation is also the architectureion of memory CTL cells (the base of anesthetic.) 3. Effector phase: (1) CTL action of killing target cells: specific acceptance and binding phase of baleful action phase of target cell lysis (2) CTL kill target cells are appearanceized by: a cogent role in specific killing of target cells by anti- MHC-�� atoms in a abbreviate time banned with connected anti-target cell function 3) CTL target cell killing apparatuss: perforin granzyme syaxis Fas / FasL-mediated apoptosis alterentiation (a) T cell differentiation in the thymus phenoarchetypal cadherees in lymphoid stem cells in the thymus as aboriginal as the alpha of their differentiation of thymocytes in mice in beginning archetypal studies accept apparent that 11-12 canicule in beginning stem cells in lymph has accessed the thymus, the microambiance in the thymus under the access of thymus cells acceleratedly breed and differentiation. apperceiven to abet differentiation of T lymphocytes in the thymus and mature above agencys cover: (1) thymic stromal cells</span></td> </tr> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" height="1" class="spaceRow"><img src="http://picsrv.fora.pl/subSilver/images/spacer.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" /></td> </tr> </table>
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